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<title>Model-based definition</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Model-based definition</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Model-based definition of physical objects is not to be confused with <a href="Model-based_design" title="Model-based design">model-based design</a> of software.</div>

<p><b>Model-based definition</b> (<b>MBD</b>), sometimes called <b>digital product definition</b> (<b>DPD</b>), is the practice of using <a href="3D_modeling" title="3D modeling">3D models</a> (such as <a href="Solid_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid model">solid models</a>, 3D <a href="Product_and_manufacturing_information" title="Product and manufacturing information">PMI</a> and associated metadata) within 3D <a href="Computer-aided_drafting" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer-aided drafting">CAD</a> software to define (provide specifications for) individual components and product assemblies. The types of information included are <a href="Geometric_dimensioning_and_tolerancing" title="Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing">geometric dimensioning and tolerancing</a> (GD&T), component level materials, assembly level <a href="Bill_of_materials" title="Bill of materials">bills of materials</a>, engineering configurations, design intent, etc. By contrast, other methodologies have historically required accompanying use of 2D <a href="Engineering_drawing" title="Engineering drawing">engineering drawings</a> to provide such details.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_of_the_3D_digital_data_set">Use of the 3D digital data set</h2></div>

<p>Modern 3D CAD applications allow for the insertion of engineering information such as dimensions, GD&T, notes and other product details within the 3D digital data set for components and assemblies. MBD uses such capabilities to establish the 3D digital data set as the source of these specifications and design authority for the product. The 3D digital data set may contain enough information to manufacture and inspect product without the need for <a href="Engineering_drawings" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineering drawings">engineering drawings</a>. Engineering drawings have traditionally contained such information.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In many instances, use of some information from 3D digital data set (e.g., the solid model) allows for <a href="Rapid_prototyping" title="Rapid prototyping">rapid prototyping</a> of product via various processes, such as <a href="3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a>. A manufacturer may be able to feed 3D digital data directly to manufacturing devices such as <a href="Numerical_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Numerical control">CNC machines</a> to manufacture the final product.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limited_Dimension_Drawing">Limited Dimension Drawing</h2></div>

<p><b>Limited Dimension Drawing</b> (<b>LDD</b>), sometimes <b>Reduced Dimension Drawing</b>, are 2D drawings that only contain critical information, noting that all missing information is to be taken from an associated 3D model.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For companies in transition to <b>MBD</b> from traditional 2D documentation a Limited Dimension Drawing allows for referencing 3D geometry while retaining a 2D drawing that can be used in existing corporate procedures. Only limited information is placed on the 2D drawing and then a note is placed to notify manufactures they must build off the 3D model for any dimensions not found on the 2D drawing.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standardization">Standardization</h2></div>

<p>In 2003, <a href="ASME" class="mw-redirect" title="ASME">ASME</a> published the <a href="ASME_Y14.41" title="ASME Y14.41">ASME Y14.41</a> <i>Digital Product Definition Data Practices</i>, which was revised in 2012 and again in 2019. The standard provides for the use of many MBD aspects, such as GD&T display and other annotation behaviors within 3D modelling environment. ISO 16792<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> standardizes MBD within the ISO standards, sharing many similarities with the ASME standard. Other standards, such as ISO 1101 and of AS9100 also make use of MBD.

</p><p>In 2013, the <a href="United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> released MIL-STD-31000 Revision A to codify the use of MBD as a requirement for technical data packages (TDP).

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<li><a href="CAD_standards" title="CAD standards">CAD standards</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://model-based-enterprise.org/Docs/MIL-STD-31000A%20released%20on%20ASSIST%203%2013%202013.pdf">"MIL-STD-31000 Rev A"</a>, p36, 26 February 2013. Retrieved on 23 April 2015.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thilmany, Jean, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asme.org/engineering-topics/articles/design/digital-tolerance">"Digital Tolerance"</a>, "MBD is a method of annotating computer-aided design models with geometric and tolerancing information that allows engineers to draw directly onto a 3-D model.", ASME.org, March 2011. Retrieved on 23 April 2015.</span>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFFischer2004" class="citation book cs1">Fischer, Bryan R. (2004). <i>Mechanical Tolerance Stackup</i>. CRC Press. p. 5. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-203-02119-4</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:16792:ed-2:v1:en">"ISO 16792 Technical product documentation — Digital product definition data practices"</a>. 2015.</cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.designworldonline.com/articles/3106/245/3D-CAD-and-Model-centric-design.aspx">Model-centric Design, Design World, 2008</a></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPatel2016" class="citation web cs1">Patel, Nikunj (February 2, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.designnews.com/alternative-energy/argument-against-model-based-definition/168376069946371">"The Argument Against Model-Based Definition"</a>. <i>Design News</i>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRuemlerZimmermanHartmanHedberg2016" class="citation journal cs1">Ruemler, Shawn P; Zimmerman, Kyle E; Hartman, Nathan W; Hedberg, Thomas; Barnard Feeny, Allison (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5215895">"Promoting Model-Based Definition to Establish a Complete Product Definition"</a>. <i>Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering</i>. <b>139</b> (5): 051008. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1115%2F1.4034625">10.1115/1.4034625</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5215895">5215895</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28070155">28070155</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFQuintanaRivestPellerinVenne2010" class="citation journal cs1">Quintana, Virgilio; Rivest, Louis; Pellerin, Robert; Venne, Frédérick; Kheddouci, Fawzi (2010). "Will Model-based Definition replace engineering drawings throughout the product lifecycle? A global perspective from aerospace industry". <i>Computers in Industry</i>. <b>61</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">497–</span>508. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.compind.2010.01.005">10.1016/j.compind.2010.01.005</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMillerAlvarezHartman2018" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Alexander Mcdermott; Alvarez, Ramon; Hartman, Nathan (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F16864360.2018.1462569">"Towards an extended model-based definition for the digital twin"</a>. <i>Computer-Aided Design and Applications</i>. <b>15</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">880–</span>91. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F16864360.2018.1462569">10.1080/16864360.2018.1462569</a></span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFZhuBricogneDuruptRemy2016" class="citation journal cs1">Zhu, Wenhua; Bricogne, Matthieu; Durupt, Alexandre; Remy, Sébastien; Li, Baorui; Eynard, Benoit (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ifacol.2016.07.664">"Implementations of Model Based Definition and Product Lifecycle Management Technologies: A Case Study in Chinese Aeronautical Industry"</a>. <i>IFAC-PapersOnLine</i>. <b>49</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">485–</span>90. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ifacol.2016.07.664">10.1016/j.ifacol.2016.07.664</a></span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMillerHartmanHedbergBarnard_Feeney2017" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Alexander Mcdermott; Hartman, Nathan W; Hedberg, Thomas; Barnard Feeney, Allison; Zahner, Jesse (2017). "Towards Identifying the Elements of a Minimum Information Model for Use in a Model-Based Definition". <i>Volume 3: Manufacturing Equipment and Systems</i>. V003T04A017. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1115%2FMSEC2017-2979">10.1115/MSEC2017-2979</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7918-5074-9</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFurrerDimidukCottonWard2017" class="citation journal cs1">Furrer, David U; Dimiduk, Dennis M; Cotton, James D; Ward, Charles H (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40192-017-0102-7">"Making the Case for a Model-Based Definition of Engineering Materials"</a>. <i>Integrating Materials and Manufacturing Innovation</i>. <b>6</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">249–</span>63. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40192-017-0102-7">10.1007/s40192-017-0102-7</a></span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFUskiPulkkinenKoskinen2016" class="citation conference cs1">Uski, Pekka; Pulkkinen, Antti; Koskinen, Kari T. (2016). Aaltonen, Jussi; Virkkunen, Riikka; Koskinen, Kari T.; Kuivanen, Risto (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tutcris.tut.fi/portal/files/9023335/Proceedings_of_the_1st_Annual_SMACC_reserch_Seminar_2016_v4.pdf#page=110"><i>Can a sheet metal product be manufactured without drawings? – Product lifecycle's point of view</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Proceedings of the 1st Annual SMACC Research Seminar 2016. Tampere: Tampere University of Technology. pp. <span class="nowrap">109–</span>11. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-952-15-3832-2</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFQuintanaRivestPellerinKheddouci2012" class="citation journal cs1">Quintana, Virgilio; Rivest, Louis; Pellerin, Robert; Kheddouci, Fawzi (2012). "Re-engineering the Engineering Change Management process for a drawing-less environment". <i>Computers in Industry</i>. <b>63</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">79–</span>90. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.compind.2011.10.003">10.1016/j.compind.2011.10.003</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHedbergHartmanRoscheFischer2016" class="citation journal cs1">Hedberg, Thomas D; Hartman, Nathan W; Rosche, Phil; Fischer, Kevin (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5155444">"Identified research directions for using manufacturing knowledge earlier in the product life cycle"</a>. <i>International Journal of Production Research</i>. <b>55</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">819–</span>827. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00207543.2016.1213453">10.1080/00207543.2016.1213453</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5155444">5155444</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27990027">27990027</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMaSongXieZhou2017" class="citation journal cs1">Ma, Qin Yi; Song, Li Hua; Xie, Da Peng; Zhou, Mao Jun (2017). "Development of CAD Model Annotation System Based on Design Intent". <i>Applied Mechanics and Materials</i>. <b>863</b>: <span class="nowrap">368–</span>72. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4028%2Fwww.scientific.net%2FAMM.863.368">10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.863.368</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:114427127">114427127</a>.</cite></li>

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